World Population

World Population

Human beings have lived on earth for ten thousands of years, and during most of that time their numbers were small. Before agriculture was developed about 10000 years ago, the death-rate was high, partly because of a limited food supply. When people began to grow crops and raise animals for food, the death-rate fell. The population of the world grew lowly then.
The population of the world is not spread evenly over the earth. The average number of people who live in area or territory is called population density. The most crowded continents are Asia and Europe. Cities are more densely populated than rural areas.
Food and population cannot be separated. And adequate supply of food is one of the human needs. Overcrowding has a bad effect on life.
A main cause of famine today is drought-long period without rainfall. Crops wither and die, and animals starve. Drought is almost impossible to control. In recent years, famine has occurred in several African countries and in northeastern Africa.
More governments are helping families to overcome problems of population density. They give “family planning” advice to families that request it. Such families may plan to have the number of children they want.

Botanical Garden

Botanical Garden

Have you ever been to the Botanical Gardens in Bogor? It is said that the gardens are always crowded on Sundays and holidays. If you g to the Botanical Gardens by car, you can park the car near the office of the Botanical Gardens. A guide will welcome you and how you the way to the gardens. There are a lot of shades in the gardens and the gardens are quiet. Some people say that they are very good places for a picnic. They are shady everywhere and the scenery is beautiful. The guide will explain everything about the gardens.
You will see a glass house. It is full of colorful orchids. Different kinds of orchids are planted. The planters and gardeners try to grow different kinds of orchids from the ones that they have. They have been doing this for many years. And now they have more than a thousand kinds of orchids.
Students who are interested in botany and forestry may go to the Botanical Gardens. They will see a lot of plants there. They can enjoy the plants, flowers and tropical trees. They can also see the gigantic diameter of mature tree trunk.
The water-lilies are also interesting. There are three different colors of them on the water. The flowers only bloom in the morning and evening, when the sun is not to hot.

Cleanliness Habit

Cleanliness Habit

Cleanliness is not only related to bathing, brushing teeth, wearing clean clothes, and washing hands before dining but also participating in preventing the pollution. Pollution is harmful to public health. But not all people, especially those who live in cities care about it. We can see rubbish or wreckage-the broken part of destroyed thing, in many places. As a consequence, it damages the beauty of the city, polluted dust in the air will make it hard for people to breathe and can irritate the eyes. Polluted water and air are smelly. Besides giving a bad smell, polluted water, river, and drains are not nice to see.
The government urges to residents to cooperate in preventing pollution. But it is not enough. A good resident must be aware of this problem by starting cleanliness habit at home and environment surroundings. He should arrange his house neatly and tidily. At home he should have a rubbish container. Cleanliness operation in the neighborhood is important. It can be held periodically, once or twice a month.
The environment cleanliness actually depends on the people. As the number of people increases rapidly, the pollution problem will be more and more serious. Let’s love and enjoy our home and environment by preventing any pollution. We must make them clean and healthy. No spitting and littering. Cleanliness must be our habit, our motto in our days.

Nature Reserves of Java

Nature Reserves of Java

Indonesia has been ahead of most of the world in preserving natural wonders. In fact, 10 percent of its land area is under protection. The range of protected areas extends from volcanoes to orangutan habitats and coral reefs, nearly 200 reserves and parks.
Nevertheless, understaffing and aggressive loggers threaten many of the parks.
Local porters can be hired and park guards may often accompany visitors as guides. They should be tipped, plus reimbursed expenses. To avoid misunderstandings, it is advisable to negotiate fees clearly before setting out.
The listing below, though not comprehensive, covers some of Indonesia’s finest reserves and park.
Ujung Kulon: At Java’s western tip, Ujung Kulon is Indonesia’s first and premier reserves. You will have to be lucky to see one of the park’s 60 remaining Javan rhinos, but there are many other fascinating animals, including leopards, gibbons, long-tailed macaques, leaf monkeys, crocodiles, muntjaks, mouse deer and herds of grazing wild oxen.
There are two types of accommodation available: most visitors stay at the guesthouses on Peucang Island, but it’s also worthwile to stop over for a night or two at the older guesthouse on Handeleum Island to visit the Cigenter River, a favorite rhino haunt just across the strait. Bedding, furniture and cooking facilities are provided at both guesthouses, but you must bring your own food.
Ujung Kulon is accessible by motorbike track from Labuan via Sumur to Taman Jaya, where the park headquarters is located (about a six-hour ride). From here, it is a leisurely two day ride to Kalejetan and Peucang Island via the south coast. Or else, charter a boat from Labuan directly to Peucang or Handeleum, a five-hour voyage each way. While there, visit the volcanic Island of Krakatau, 40 kilometers (25 mil) northwest of Labuan, in the middle of the Sunda Straits separating Java from Sumatra.

TV Films Must be censored

TV Films Must be censored

There are too many movie on TV featuring vulgarity, violence, superstition and indecency. Scene depicting violence may inspire high school students to do likewise in a brawl, for example.
Films selected for broadcast should inspire viewers to be persistent in their struggle for a better life, and should not feature mentally disturbed people. They should present the beauty of Indonesia and the diversity of it traditional culture.
Most importantly, TV film should have plausible plots. Given the above, it is necessary to subject all TV movies to tight censorship as otherwise these films will only create a permissive and violent society.

Tsunami

Tsunami

Tsunami is a Japanese word, meaning “harbor wave” and is used as the scientific term for a seismic sea wave generated by an undersea earthquake or possibly an undersea landslide or volcanic eruption. When the ocean floor is tilted or offset during an earthquake, a set of wave is created similar to the concentric waves generated by an object dropped into the water. Most tsunamis originate along the Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanoes and seismic activity, 32.500 km (24.000 mi) long that encircles the Pacific Ocean. Since 1819, about 40 tsunamis have struck Hawaiian Islands.
A tsunami can have wave-lengths or widths of 100 to 200 km (60 to 120 mi), and may travel hundreds of kilometers across the deep ocean, reaching speeds of about 725 to 800 km / h (about 400 to 500 mph). Upon entering shallow coastal waters, the wave, which may have been only about half a meter (a foot or two) high out the sea, suddenly grow rapidly. When the wave reaches the shore. It may be 15 m (50 ft) high or more. Tsunamis have tremendous energy because of the great volume of water affected. They are capable of obliterating coastal settlements.
Tsunamis should not be confused with storm surge, which are dome of water that rise underneath hurricanes or cyclones and cause extensive coastal flooding when the storms reach land. Storm urge are particularly devastating if they occur at high tide. A cyclone and accompanying storm surge killed an estimated 500.000 people in Bangladesh in 1970.

Petroleum Product

Petroleum Product

Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils, come from one source crude oil found below the earth’s surface, as well as under large bodies f water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep a 25.000 feet into the earth’s interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole into the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
Crude oil well flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent, or opaque. Their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen form many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and varied joining of these two atom in the hydrocarbon molecule.
The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and I used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbon to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.